ABSTRACT
Background and study aims: Determination of the presence and degree of liver fibrosis is essential for the prognosis and treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Non-invasive methods of assessing fibrosis have been developed to reduce the need for biopsy. We determined the efficacy of shear wave elastography [SWE] and colour Doppler velocity as non-invasive methods for the assessment of liver fibrosis compared to liver biopsy among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection
Patients and methods: In total, 117 patients with chronic HCV infection and 50 healthy age- and sexmatched control subjects were included. For each patient and control, abdominal ultrasonography, Doppler ultrasonography of the right portal vein [PV], and SWE were performed, whereas liver biopsy was performed for patients
Results: The mean value of the right PV maximum velocity was lower in patients with different stages of fibrosis than in controls [p < 0.001]. The mean value of liver stiffness determined by SWE was significantly higher in patients with different stages of fibrosis than in controls. Cutoff values for liver stiffness determined by SWE for assessing fibrosis stages were F2 >/= 4.815, F3 >/= 6.335, and F4 = 7.540 with a sensitivity of 84.6%, 96.2%, and 100.0%; specificity of 88.5%, 93.8%, and 100.0%; positive predictive value [PPV] of 93.6%, 98.0%, and 100.0%; negative predictive value [NPV] of 74.2%, 88.2%, and 100.0%; and overall accuracy of 85.9%, 95.6%, and 100.0% [area under the ROC curve [AUC]: 0.89, 0.96, and 1.0], respectively. Cutoff values for the right PV maximum velocity for assessing fibrosis stages were F2 < 23.4, F3 < 21, and F4 < 20 with a sensitivity of 65.0%, 57.4%, and 57.1%; specificity of 59.8%, 76.4%, and 75.5%; PPV of 33.8%, 58.3%, and 32.0%; NPV of 84.4%, 75.7%, and 89.7%; and overall accuracy of 61.1%, 69.5%, and 72.5% [AUC: 0.614, 0.696, and 0.625], respectively
Conclusion: SWE is effective for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with HCV infection. SWE provides a more accurate correlation with liver fibrosis stage than colour Doppler velocity profile for the assessment of liver fibrosis, especially in advanced stages [F3 and F4]
ABSTRACT
Acute or chronic liver failure is associated with numerous complications that may occur in combination, and patients may require ICU treatment. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify prognostic clinical parameters and risk factors at the time of ICU admission. The present study aims to estimate the frequency of mortality and evaluate morbidity from cirrhosis in patients with end-stage liver disease [ESLD] admitted to the ICU and evaluate the relationship between the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data [potential risk factors] of those patients and mortality. A total of 120 patients with ESLD were enrolled [102 [85%] male and 18 [15%] female patients]. History taking, clinical examination, and other laboratory investigations were carried out, and patients were classifi ed according to the Child-Turcotte-Pugh [CTP] and the model for endstage liver disease [MELD] scores. Regarding the clinical presentation, hepatic encephalopathy [HE] was found in 87.5% of patients, jaundice in 60%, hematemesis in 41.7%, hepatorenal syndrome [HRS] in 35.8%, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 20.8% of patients. The mortality rate was 57.5%; the main causes of death were HRS [40.8%], HE [21.7%], aspiration pneumonia [10%], septic shock [2.5%], and irreversible shock [1.7%]. There was a significant relationship between mortality and old age, CTP and MELD scores, and a longer stay at the ICU. Increased white blood cell count, increased hemoglobin and decreased prothrombin concentration, and elevated creatinine were independent risk factors of mortality in ESLD patients in the ICU. Mortality rates were higher in patients with 5-6 risk factors [86.2%] than in those with 1-2 risk factors [21.7%]. Mortality rate in ESLD patients admitted to the ICU was 57.5% and the most common cause of death was HRS. CTP, MELD score, HE, HRS, and jaundice were significant predictors of mortality in ESLD patients. Mortality increased with increased number of risk factors. Creatinine level, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and prothrombin concentration were independent risk factors of mortality in ESLD patients
ABSTRACT
Capillaria philippinensis is a rare zoonotic intestinal parasite that is endemic in Philippines and Thailand. A few cases have been reported in Japan, Iran, Egypt, and Taiwan. The outcome of C. philippinensis may be fatal if untreated in due time. C. philippinensis is an emerging infection in Egypt as a cause of chronic diarrhea; thus, we carried out this study to determine the presence and frequency of C. philippinensis in patients with chronic diarrhea in Upper Egypt. The study included 113 patients with chronic diarrhea attending the Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University Hospital. All patients were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations including stool examination, complete blood count, and assessment of blood urea and serum creatinine, serum albumin, and electrolytes [sodium, potassium, and calcium]. Also, gastroduodenoscopy, duodenal biopsy for histopathological examination, and colonoscopy were performed for every patient. C. philippinensis was reported in seven patients. All of them were young female patients with severe chronic diarrhea, associated with vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, borborygmi, weight loss, and ankle edema; three patients had mild ascites. The seven patients had hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, marked hyokalemia, and hypoalbuminemia. The diagnosis of C. philippinensis was established on finding the characteristic egg of C. philippinensis in the stool of all cases; histopathological examination of the duodenal biopsies indicated heavy cellular infiltration around the adult worm in one of them and larvae in another one. Six patients recovered completely with albendazole treatment 200 mg twice daily for 21 days, whereas one patient died of heart failure because of severe hypoalbuminemia and hypokalemia. Capillariasis is one of the parasitic causes of chronic nonbloody diarrhea in patients in Upper Egypt